为什么要托福考试，托福考试中的Paraphrasing

在雅思书面语和雅思诗歌创作两个大项中，传话是几项十分重要的潜能。即使学生的书面语提问和诗歌创作该文的论述十分简洁，更易认知，且句法恰当，如果其中有大批的文本源自于写作金属材料、失聪专题讲座、或是是试题IPA，也有可能赢得两个十分低的平均分。

多次重复所看见和听见的单字是两个十分难再次出现却极难人格意识到的问题。在一些非学术研究、相较日常生活的英文抒发中，此种多次重复是能的。

但在学术研究笔试，不光是词汇笔试中，这当然不是两个“合情合理”的作法。从长远规划的视角上看，此种抒发生活习惯很难在理工学院里变为剽窃犯罪行为（Plagiarism and copying）。英国理工学院对此种犯罪行为有著十分严苛的明确规定，除非被认定为剽窃，就会再次出现战绩补发（fail in assignment），周恒（academic probation），即使是被该校辞退（expulsion）。

因此，在复习雅思时，我提议全校师生很大要练，并培育他们传话的潜能。不但要努力做到娴熟，更要确保能大自然地带入他们的抒发中。我们先用两个单纯的范例来给诸位全校师生说明什么是Paraphrasing：

间接提及（direct speech）：John said, “I think the university’s new policy is a bad idea.”

间接地提及（indirect speech）：John said that the university’s new policy was a bad idea.

传话（Paraphrasing）：John said that the changes the university made to their policy seemed like a mistake.

可见，传话不但仅是使用不用的抒发方式传递同样的信息，而是在充分认知了信息的基础上，用适合他们的，他们喜欢的词汇进行信息的二次传递。因此，传话既体现了词汇水平，也证明了学生充分认知了试题信息。

我们再上看两个范例：

在书面语综合题task 2中，学生都需要先对写作金属材料进行总结和传话。我以这篇passage为例，给大家示范了以下4种传话之后的抒发方式：

Paraphrase 1:

The university will discontinue the sculpture program. Administrators say students simply don’t have much interest in sculpture anymore, and the one sculpture professor in the art department is about to retire anyway.

Paraphrase 2:

University officials have announced that the sculpture program will be cancelled. They cite declining student interest as one of the main reasons for the cancellation. Another issue is a lack of instructors; the only teacher of sculpture courses will be retiring shortly. Finally, the art department doesn’t have enough money for more sculpture classes.

Paraphrase 3:

The school’s sculpture classes are all about to be permanently removed from the art department’s offerings, as students are no longer interested in sculpture, the only sculpture professor is leaving, and there is not enough funding to keep offering these courses.

Paraphrase 4:

The art department at the university is getting more and more students, but at the same time, fewer and fewer students are enrolling in sculpture classes. Because students are no longer interested in sculpture and because the sculpture professor is retiring, school administrators decided to cancel the sculpture program.

传话的方式能是多种多样的，但是我提议全校师生记住2点Paraphrasing的原则：一是传话之后的文本宜短不宜长，二是尽可能少的使用IPA。

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